I am grateful to the Danish Economic Society for the invitation to participate in this conference. In line with the overall theme of the event, I will speak today about the implications of a changing world for the euro-denominated monetary system.
In our 2025 assessment exercise that reviewed the monetary policy strategy of the ECB, the Governing Council concluded that:
“Ongoing structural shifts related to geopolitics, digitalisation, artificial intelligence, demography, the threat to environmental sustainability and changes in the international financial system suggest that the inflation environment will remain uncertain and potentially more volatile, with larger target deviations in both directions, posing challenges for the conduct of monetary policy. A more resilient financial architecture – supported by progress on the savings and investments union, the completion of banking union and the introduction of a digital euro – would also support the effectiveness of monetary policy in this evolving environment.”
In addition to their implications for monetary policy, this set of structural factors will also re-shape labour markets, investment dynamics, productivity and the financial system. In what follows, I will focus my attention on how structural changes might affect the euro monetary system.
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