The data indicated that during Dec. 2-Dec. 6, program trading amounted to 31.8 percent of NYSE average daily volume of 1,445.5 million shares, or 459.4 million shares a day. Program trading encompasses a wide range of portfolio-trading strategies involving the purchase or sale of a basket of at least 15 stocks with a total value of $1 million or more. Program trading is calculated as the sum of the shares bought, sold and sold short in program trades. The total of these shares is divided by total reported volume.
This is not the only way to measure program trading. Three alternatives for Dec. 2-Dec. 6 would be to:
- examine buy programs as a percentage of total purchases (16.0 percent);
- examine sell programs as a percentage of total sales (15.8 percent);
- examine program purchases and sales as a percentage of total purchases and sales or twice total volume (15.9 percent).
In all markets, program trading averaged 1,115.1 million shares a day during Dec. 2-Dec. 6. About 41.2 percent of program trading took place on the NYSE, 35.7 percent in non-U.S. markets and 23.1 percent in other domestic markets, including Nasdaq, the American Stock Exchange and regional markets.
In aggregate, program volume executed on the NYSE by firms as agent, for non-member customers, amounted to 59.5 percent during Dec. 2-Dec. 6. Program volume executed as principal, for their own accounts, amounted to 33.4 percent of program volume.
Another 7.1 percent was designated as customer facilitation, in which a member firm established or liquidated a principal position to facilitate a program order initiated by a customer.
Of the five member firms reporting the most program trading activity on the NYSE, Morgan Stanley executed most of its program trading as principal for its own account. Goldman Sachs, Merrill Lynch, Deutsche Banc Alex Brown and RBC Dominion executed all or most of their program trading activity for customers, as agent.
During Dec. 2-Dec. 6, 11.5 percent of program volume executed by NYSE member firms related to index arbitrage. Index arbitrage is defined as the purchase or sale of a basket of stocks in conjunction with the sale or purchase of a derivative product such as stock-index futures, to profit from the price difference between the basket and the derivative product.
Less than 0.5% involved derivative product-related strategies (besides index arbitrage) that are subject to Rule 80A. The rule provides that derivative-related program strategies be executed only in a stabilizing manner after the DJIA moves 160 points or more from the previous day's close.
In addition to index arbitrage, such strategies include customer facilitations, liquidation of facilitations, index substitutions, liquidation of error accounts, risk modifications, and liquidation of exchange-for-physicals stock positions.
All other types of portfolio-trading strategies combined accounted for 88.4 percent of member firms' program-trading volume during Dec. 2-Dec. 6.
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